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Immanuel Kant

Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysic of Morals

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Immanuel Kant's Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysic of Morals (the Groundwork, 1785) seeks the supreme principle of morality in reason alone. Kant argues that moral worth lies not in consequences but in acting from duty, and formulates the Categorical Imperative: act only on a maxim you could will to be a universal law, and treat humanity always as an end, never merely as a means. It is the foundational text of deontological ethics and of the modern idea of human dignity and autonomy.

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